by Alex B. Caldwell, Ph.D.
I consider the question of whether all psychpathological behaviors can, on an evolutionary foundation, be consideredas positive adaptations. I proposed that higherfunctions can be differentiated from their associated emotional modulations at simultaneous subjective, behavioral, and neural levels and that organizing analyses inthis way will enable us to fill in our understanding of both the effects and relief oftraumatic experiences. I then present each of the 8 clinical scales of the MMPI(Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) as a dimension of positive adaptation with simultaneous cognitive-emotional, operant-classical, and neocortical-limbic elements.